Marginalised women and LGBTIQ+ persons in Thailand face intersecting forms of discrimination based on gender, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, sex characteristics, ethnicity, legal status, socio-economic status and geography. This factsheet examines the gender-specific and intersectional dimensions of the human rights situation of women and LGBTIQ+ persons from historically marginalised groups, including Indigenous, ethnic minority, Isaan, Malayu Muslim, rural, migrant, stateless, informal and sex worker communities. It supplements the companion factsheets on the Rights of Indigenous Women, LGBTIQ+ Rights, Sex Workers' Rights and Abortion Rights in Thailand.

During the 3rd UPR cycle in November 2021, Thailand received 119 recommendations directly relevant to the rights of marginalised women and LGBTIQ+ persons; 85 were supported and 34 were noted. Civil society assessment finds that only two of these have been fully implemented, both relating to marriage equality. Thailand is a State party to CEDAW and CERD, has supported the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and received the 2025 CEDAW Concluding Observations (CEDAW/C/THA/CO/8) and the 2021 CERD Concluding Observations (CERD/C/THA/CO/4-8) which addressed intersecting discrimination against marginalised women.

This assessment shows that marginalised women and LGBTIQ+ persons continue to face structural barriers across legal recognition, political participation, protection from gender-based violence and reprisals, healthcare, economic rights, and access to justice. While Thailand adopted the Marriage Equality Act (2024) and the Ethnic Way of Life Protection and Promotion Act B.E. 2568 (2025), and criminalised sexual harassment through the Act Amending the Penal Code (No. 30) in December 2025, the Gender Equality Act B.E. 2558 (2015) still contains an exception under Section 17(2) on grounds of religion or national security, the Gender Recognition Bill was rejected in February 2024, and no comprehensive anti-discrimination law or gender-responsive protection framework for human rights defenders has been enacted.