Thailand accepted 7 of the 12 LGBTI+-specific recommendations received during its 3rd UPR cycle, including recommendations to combat discrimination and violence based on sexual orientation and gender identity, strengthen inclusive education and training, and improve protection for marginalized LGBTI+ persons. However, five recommendations were noted, to enact a Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act, reflecting a key unresolved gap in Thailand’s human rights framework. Since the 3rd UPR cycle, other UN human rights mechanisms have reinforced the need for stronger legal recognition and protection for LGBTI+ persons. As a result, legal and administrative systems continue to rely on binary gender classifications, creating barriers across education, decent work, detention and access to public services.